public class Wallet {
  private String id;
  private long createTime;
  private BigDecimal balance;
  private long balanceLastModifiedTime;
  // ...省略其他属性...

  public Wallet() {
     this.id = IdGenerator.getInstance().generate();
     this.createTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
     this.balance = BigDecimal.ZERO;
     this.balanceLastModifiedTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
  }

  // 注意：下面对get方法做了代码折叠，是为了减少代码所占文章的篇幅
  public String getId() { return this.id; }
  public long getCreateTime() { return this.createTime; }
  public BigDecimal getBalance() { return this.balance; }
  public long getBalanceLastModifiedTime() { return this.balanceLastModifiedTime;  }

  public void increaseBalance(BigDecimal increasedAmount) {
    if (increasedAmount.compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) < 0) {
      throw new InvalidAmountException("...");
    }
    this.balance.add(increasedAmount);
    this.balanceLastModifiedTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
  }

  public void decreaseBalance(BigDecimal decreasedAmount) {
    if (decreasedAmount.compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) < 0) {
      throw new InvalidAmountException("...");
    }
    if (decreasedAmount.compareTo(this.balance) > 0) {
      throw new InsufficientAmountException("...");
    }
    this.balance.subtract(decreasedAmount);
    this.balanceLastModifiedTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
  }
}

public interface Iterator {
  boolean hasNext();
  String next();
  String remove();
}

public class Array implements Iterator {
  private String[] data;
  
  public boolean hasNext() { ... }
  public String next() { ... }
  public String remove() { ... }
  //...省略其他方法...
}

public class LinkedList implements Iterator {
  private LinkedListNode head;
  
  public boolean hasNext() { ... }
  public String next() { ... }
  public String remove() { ... }
  //...省略其他方法... 
}

public class Demo {
  private static void print(Iterator iterator) {
    while (iterator.hasNext()) {
      System.out.println(iterator.next());
    }
  }
  
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Iterator arrayIterator = new Array();
    print(arrayIterator);
    
    Iterator linkedListIterator = new LinkedList();
    print(linkedListIterator);
  }
}

 public class User {
  private String name;
  private int age;
  private String gender;
  
  public User(String name, int age, String gender) {
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
    this.gender = gender;
  }
  
  public static User praseFrom(String userInfoText) {
    // 将text(“小王&28&男”)解析成类User
  }
  
  public String formatToText() {
    // 将类User格式化成文本（"小王\t28\t男"）
  }
}

public class UserFileFormatter {
  public void format(String userFile, String formattedUserFile) {
    // Open files...
    List users = new ArrayList<>();
    while (1) { // read until file is empty 
      // read from file into userText...
      User user = User.parseFrom(userText);
      users.add(user);
    }
    // sort users by age...
    for (int i = 0; i < users.size(); ++i) {
      String formattedUserText = user.formatToText();
      // write to new file...
    }
    // close files...
  }
}

public class MainApplication {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    UserFileFormatter userFileFormatter = new UserFileFormatter();
    userFileFormatter.format("/home/zheng/users.txt", "/home/zheng/formatted_users.txt");
  }
}

// 抽象类
public abstract class Logger {
  private String name;
  private boolean enabled;
  private Level minPermittedLevel;

  public Logger(String name, boolean enabled, Level minPermittedLevel) {
    this.name = name;
    this.enabled = enabled;
    this.minPermittedLevel = minPermittedLevel;
  }
  
  public void log(Level level, String message) {
    boolean loggable = enabled && (minPermittedLevel.intValue() <= level.intValue());
    if (!loggable) return;
    doLog(level, message);
  }
  
  protected abstract void doLog(Level level, String message);
}
// 抽象类的子类：输出日志到文件
public class FileLogger extends Logger {
  private Writer fileWriter;

  public FileLogger(String name, boolean enabled,
    Level minPermittedLevel, String filepath) {
    super(name, enabled, minPermittedLevel);
    this.fileWriter = new FileWriter(filepath); 
  }
  
  @Override
  public void doLog(Level level, String mesage) {
    // 格式化level和message,输出到日志文件
    fileWriter.write(...);
  }
}
// 抽象类的子类: 输出日志到消息中间件(比如kafka)
public class MessageQueueLogger extends Logger {
  private MessageQueueClient msgQueueClient;
  
  public MessageQueueLogger(String name, boolean enabled,
    Level minPermittedLevel, MessageQueueClient msgQueueClient) {
    super(name, enabled, minPermittedLevel);
    this.msgQueueClient = msgQueueClient;
  }
  
  @Override
  protected void doLog(Level level, String mesage) {
    // 格式化level和message,输出到消息中间件
    msgQueueClient.send(...);
  }
}

// 接口
public interface Filter {
  void doFilter(RpcRequest req) throws RpcException;
}
// 接口实现类：鉴权过滤器
public class AuthencationFilter implements Filter {
  @Override
  public void doFilter(RpcRequest req) throws RpcException {
    //...鉴权逻辑..
  }
}
// 接口实现类：限流过滤器
public class RateLimitFilter implements Filter {
  @Override
  public void doFilter(RpcRequest req) throws RpcException {
    //...限流逻辑...
  }
}
// 过滤器使用Demo
public class Application {
  // filters.add(new AuthencationFilter());
  // filters.add(new RateLimitFilter());
  private List<Filter> filters = new ArrayList<>();
  
  public void handleRpcRequest(RpcRequest req) {
    try {
      for (Filter filter : filters) {
        filter.doFilter(req);
      }
    } catch(RpcException e) {
      // ...处理过滤结果...
    }
    // ...省略其他处理逻辑...
  }
}

// 父类：非抽象类，就是普通的类. 删除了log(),doLog()，新增了isLoggable().
public class Logger {
  private String name;
  private boolean enabled;
  private Level minPermittedLevel;

  public Logger(String name, boolean enabled, Level minPermittedLevel) {
    //...构造函数不变，代码省略...
  }

  protected boolean isLoggable() {
    boolean loggable = enabled && (minPermittedLevel.intValue() <= level.intValue());
    return loggable;
  }
}
// 子类：输出日志到文件
public class FileLogger extends Logger {
  private Writer fileWriter;

  public FileLogger(String name, boolean enabled,
    Level minPermittedLevel, String filepath) {
    //...构造函数不变，代码省略...
  }
  
  public void log(Level level, String mesage) {
    if (!isLoggable()) return;
    // 格式化level和message,输出到日志文件
    fileWriter.write(...);
  }
}
// 子类: 输出日志到消息中间件(比如kafka)
public class MessageQueueLogger extends Logger {
  private MessageQueueClient msgQueueClient;
  
  public MessageQueueLogger(String name, boolean enabled,
    Level minPermittedLevel, MessageQueueClient msgQueueClient) {
    //...构造函数不变，代码省略...
  }
  
  public void log(Level level, String mesage) {
    if (!isLoggable()) return;
    // 格式化level和message,输出到消息中间件
    msgQueueClient.send(...);
  }
}

Logger logger = new FileLogger("access-log", true, Level.WARN, "/users/wangzheng/access.log");
logger.log(Level.ERROR, "This is a test log message.");

public class Logger {
  // ...省略部分代码...
  public void log(Level level, String mesage) { // do nothing... }
}
public class FileLogger extends Logger {
  // ...省略部分代码...
  @Override
  public void log(Level level, String mesage) {
    if (!isLoggable()) return;
    // 格式化level和message,输出到日志文件
    fileWriter.write(...);
  }
}
public class MessageQueueLogger extends Logger {
  // ...省略部分代码...
  @Override
  public void log(Level level, String mesage) {
    if (!isLoggable()) return;
    // 格式化level和message,输出到消息中间件
    msgQueueClient.send(...);
  }
}